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A Swan-Ganz catheter, also known as a pulmonary artery catheter, serves a crucial role in the monitoring of hemodynamic parameters within the heart and pulmonary circulation. One of its primary functions is to measure wedge pressure, which provides valuable insights into left atrial filling pressures and can indicate the volume status of the patient. Additionally, it can measure central venous pressure, which reflects the pressure in the thoracic vena cava and can give information about right atrial pressure and overall circulatory status. This information is vital in managing patients with various cardiac and pulmonary conditions, guiding treatment decisions effectively.

The other options do not encompass the primary functions of the Swan-Ganz catheter. Providing intravenous access for medications pertains to standard IV catheters, monitoring blood sugar levels relates to glucose monitoring devices, and injecting anesthesia is specific to equipment designed for anesthetic delivery, such as regional blocks or general anesthesia equipment. The unique capability of the Swan-Ganz catheter to measure cardiac pressures distinguishes it within the context of cardiovascular assessment and management.