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A fracture that involves both malleoli (the bony prominences on either side of the ankle) and the posterior surface of the tibia is classified as a Pott's fracture, specifically a more severe variant often referred to as a third-degree Pott’s fracture. This type of fracture is commonly the result of an inversion injury and signifies significant ligamentous instability and disruption of the ankle joint.

In this case, the presence of fractures at both malleoli, in conjunction with a fracture of the posterior surface of the tibia, indicates a complete disruption of the ankle joint's structural integrity. The specific terminology used in describing the severity—"third degree"—implies that there is not only fracture involvement but also significant potential for displacement and associated complications.

The other types of fractures listed do not fit the description provided. A simple fracture typically refers to a single fracture line without fragmentation, while a comminuted fracture involves multiple fragments but does not specify the anatomical locations involved. A greenstick fracture is primarily seen in children and refers to an incomplete fracture where the bone bends but does not break completely. None of these other fracture types account for the complexity and involvement of both malleoli and the tibial surface as seen in a third-degree